March 1984                                  Helen Pain
             AI1             NOTES ON USING EMAS

  Quick      [this note assumes lower case and nobrackets options]
 Reference
             1. LOGGING ON

 LOGGING     First find yourself a terminal, switch it on, and press the
   ON        space bar a few times. You should get a prompt for the host
             machine that you want - type 2972

 Host:           GESQ Host: 2972

             then press then return button (I'll refer to this as <cr>).
             The return button <cr> is pressed at the end of every command
             line.

             You will then be prompted for your user number and password:

 User:           User:ecmi04
 Pass:           Pass:qwerty

             Your password will not be echoed. Remember to press return.
             If your password is correct you will then get a message
             something like:

                 Logged on
                 Test SS 3.02es
                 28/02/84 17.56.50  Users=66  Fsys=8

                 Group Holder : ECMI50    Funds left :  56.85
                 -------------------- AI2 course ----------------------
             and probably some message (not included here).

             You may also get a message telling you that you have mail:

 New             **MAILER?' 21/02/84 04.23:  Outstanding message(s)
 Mail
             (see the later section on reading your mail).

             Terminal types:

 TERMINAL    The system recognises different types of terminals.You
 TYPES       can find out what type of terminal the system thinks you
             are using, and if it doesn't know (or it is wrong) you can
             tell it:

 Which           Your terminal type is unknown
 terminaltype?   Command:terminaltype ?
                 unspecified


				2

                 Command:terminaltype
                 Terminals supported are

 Choices          0 unspecified                       1 Hardcopy, width 72
                 (a whole load more numbers and types)
                 12 VT105                            13 Hazeltine Esprit
                 14 Hazeltine 1500                   15 Newbury
                 (and more)

                 Please type the number of your terminal and press 'return'

 Setting         Terminal: 13
 terminaltype    Your terminal type is Hazeltine Esprit

             Passwords:

 PASSWORD    You may wish to change your password. [Please tell me if you do!]
             You are offered foreground and background passwords: you will not
             need the background password.

 Changing        Command:password
 password        Which password do you want to change?
                 (F for foreground, B for background, FB for both)
                 :f
                  Passwords will not be echoed.
                  Type in your current FOREGROUND password -
                 :qwerty
                 CHANGE FOREGROUND PASSWORD
                  Type in your new password -
                 :fred
                 Please type new password again to confirm -
                 :fred
                 Password changed.



             2. PROMPTS.

 PROMPTS     The first character or word on a line, printed by the computer,
             gives an indication of what sort of commands you are expected
             to give. It is referred to as the prompt.

             The prompt may indicate "what level" you are at. When you first
             log on you will be at the top level, monitor level. From here
             you can get into an editor, the mail system, help, prolog, or
             what ever else the system will let you do. You can also do things
             like copy files, look at other people's files, send things to the
             line printer, etc. The prompt at monitor (or command) level is:

 Command:        Command:

             Nothing will happen until you give a command, followed by <cr>:

                 Command:mail <cr>

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             For example, to get into the mail system, give the command mail.
             You then get the following prompt from the mail system:

 Mail:           Mail:

             and if you wanted to compose a message you could give the command
             compose and would be prompted as follows:

                 Mail:compose
                 To: ecmi04
                 Subject: notes
                 Text:

                 :this is the prompt within the mail system
                 :indicating that you can insert your message
                 ::
                 Send now? : y
                 Message sent and filed
 Mail:quit       Mail:quit

             You end your message by typing a single : after the : prompt,
             and you leave the mail system with the command quit.

             You are now back at command level and might go into the help
             system:

 Help:           Command:help
                 (a page of help information will be printed here)

                 End of section
 View:           View:

             At the end of each page you will either get the prompt 'view:'
             allowing you to name some other help section to view, or the
             word '...more' indicating that there is more information
             to be seen from the previous section:

                 ...more
 View:quit       View: quit

             To get more, type <cr> , to get back to command level type quit.

             You can get into the editor ecce from command level:

 ecce            Command:ecce mygreet
 >               **Additional facilities in this version of ECCE.  Please
                   VIEW(SUBSYS.NEWECCE)    for details.
                 Edit
                 >

				4



             The > is the ecce prompt - see ecce documentation for the
             commands that you might give.

                 >
 >%c             >%c

             Typing %c after the > gets you out of ecce. [This is one of the
             few places that quit will not get you out!]

             Load a file into the editor em:

 em              Command:em howtoemas
 >               Editor
                 16
                 >p

             You are told that there are 16 lines in the file already.
             The em command prompt is > . The command q gets you out of em.
             If you have not kept your editing by writing the contents of the
             editor back to the file then you will reminded:

                 Are you sure? n
                 ?
                 >w
                 20
 >q              >q

             To run prolog give the command myprolog or p at command level:

 prolog          Command:prolog
                 Emas Prolog                version 4

 | ?-            | ?- true.

             The | ?- is the prompt for a goal.

                 yes
                 | ?- [user].
 |               | father(fred,tom).

             If you are consulting the user file the prompt will be a single |
             input is terminated by ^y (hold the control button and press y).

 | ^y            | ?6
                 user consulted 60 bytes 26 mscs.
                 yes
 | ?- quit.      | ?- quit.

             to get out of prolog, one way is to use quit followed by a full stop.

                 [ Prolog execution halted ]
                 Command:



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 STOPPING &  3. STOPPING AND ALTERING COMMANDS.
 ALTERING
 del             del or rub out   this button deletes the last typed character
                                  each time you use it

 ^               ^                ^ means that you must hold the control button
                                  down as you type this character

 ^x              ^x               deletes the whole of the line that you have
                                  started typing

 ^y              ^y               ends inputting eg if you are typing in data

 esc a           esc a <cr>       press the esc button, then a, then return.
                              esc a aborts whatever the current command
                                  is and returns you to command level. If you
                                  press esc by mistake, do <cr> before typing
                                  anything else and the esc will be ignored.

                       [esc a <cr> will get you out of just about anything!]


             4. MAIL

 MAIL        If you have been sent mail since you last logged on you will
             receive a message telling you so:

                 **MAILER?' 28/02/84 17.47:  Message from E.McIntosh

             In order to read this message or to send a message you need
             to get into the mail system:

                 Command:mail

 Message     Each message that you receive is numbered and will be kept
 numbers     until you get rid of it. Numbers go from 1 upwards, messages
             are referred to by these numbers.

                 1 new message

             You are told how many new messages you have and are given
             one line of information about each:

                 n   6<=   (23)   28 Feb   E.McIntosh @ RCO   test
                 <return> to list message

             This is a new (n) message, number 6 in your file of messages.
             It is 23 characters long, sent 28th Feb, from E.McIntosh and
             its subject is "test". Each new message is listed by <cr>.

                 Mail: <cr>


				6



                 (Message 6)
                 Subject:  test
                 From:     E.McIntosh @ RCO      28 Feb 84  17:47:06 gmt
                 To:       ecmu49

                 this is a short message

             One line of information about each message in your message file
             (referred to as a folder) can be printed on the screen using
             the command scan, and the whole message using list. List and
             scan both use the message numbers as arguments:

 scan            Mail:scan all

                     1    (118)   07 Feb   To: ECMI04         student log
                     2    (171)   10 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       projects
                     3    (171)   14 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       project
                     4     (63)   28 Feb   To: ecmi04         notes
                     5     (23)   28 Feb   To: ecmu49         test
                     6<=   (23)   28 Feb   E.McIntosh @ RCO   test

             The message marked with <= is the one currently referred to, so
             the command scan or list without a message number would be taken
             to refer to this message. If another message is listed it becomes
             the current one:

                 Mail:scan 2

                     2    (171)   10 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       projects

 list            Mail:list 2

                 (Message 2)
                 Subject:  projects
                 From:     H.Pain @ RCO          10 Feb 84  17:37:00 gmt
                 To:       ecmu35@2972
                           ,ecmu49@2972

                 In future I will be available to discuss projects and prolog
                 problems on Fridays in my office at HPS.
                 VERY IMPORTANT - in future please use the command myprolog
                 instead of prolog.

             You can scan or list a sequence of messages also:

                 Mail:scan 1-3,6

                     1    (118)   07 Feb   To: ECMI04         student log
                     2<=  (171)   10 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       projects
                     3    (171)   14 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       projects
                     6     (23)   28 Feb   E.McIntosh @ RCO   test

				7





                 Mail:list 4,6

                 (Message 4)
                 Subject:  notes
                 Date:     28 Feb 84  17:31:35
                 To:       ecmi04

                 this is the prompt within the mail system

                 (Message 6)
                 Subject:  test
                 From:     E.McIntosh @ RCO      28 Feb 84  17:47:06 gmt
                 To:       ecmu49

                 this is a short message

                 Mail:list 2

                 (Message 2)
                 Subject:  projects
                 From:     H.Pain @ RCO          10 Feb 84  17:37:00 gmt
                 To:       ecmu35@2972
                           ,ecmu49@2972

                 In future I will be available to discuss projects and prolog
                 problems on Fridays in my office at HPS.
                 VERY IMPORTANT - in future please use the command myprolog
                 instead of prolog.

             The current message can be replied to using the command reply:

 reply           Mail:reply
                 Replying to H.Pain @ RCO
                 Text:
                 :thanks, I received the message
                 ::
 send            Send now? : y
                 Message sent and filed

             A copy of the message sent is also stored in your mail folder:

                 Mail:scan 2-last                 (last refers to the last message)

                     2<=  (171)   10 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       projects
                     3    (171)   14 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       projects
                     4     (63)   28 Feb   To: ecmi04         notes
                     5     (23)   28 Feb   To: ecmu49         test
                     6     (23)   28 Feb   E.McIntosh @ RCO   test
                     7     (30)   28 Feb   To: H.Pain @ RCO   Re: projects

				8


             Messages may also be marked for removal from the mail folder using
             the command discard, and the command tidy actually removes them:

 discard         Mail:discard 4,5
                 2 messages discarded

 tidy            Mail:tidy
                 Folder M#INBOX contains 5 messages

                 Mail:scan all

                     1    (118)   07 Feb   To: ECMI04         student log
                     2    (171)   10 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       projects
                     3    (171)   14 Feb   H.Pain @ RCO       projects
                     4     (23)   28 Feb   E.McIntosh @ RCO   test
                     5<=   (30)   28 Feb   To: H.Pain @ RCO   Re: projects

             The messages are now renumbered eg the copy of the last message sent
             was number 7 but is now number 5:

                 Mail:list 5

                 (Message 5)
                 Subject:  Re: projects
                 Date:     28 Feb 84  17:52:29
                 To:       H.Pain @ RCO

                 thanks, I received the message

             If you wish to send a message use the command 'compose', and
             you will be prompted as follows:

 compose         Mail:compose
                 To: ecmi04
                 Subject: projects

             After To: (that is, 'in the to: field') put the user number or
             the user name. The subject can be anything you like. After the
             text prompt and colon, put your message. Each new line (after
             <cr>) will start with a colon : to end the message type another
             colon on a line on its own and <cr>.

                 Text:
                 :I will come and see you Friday if that's ok.
                 :If it's not let me kmow
                 ::
 send            Send now? : yes

             If you are satisfied with the message then type yes when 'send
             now?' is printed.

				9


             [If you wish to make any changes, type no and you will then get
             the Mail: prompt again. You can then edit any of the fields
             (To: Subject: Text:) of your message. See help in the mail
             system to do this].

             Quit takes you back to command level:

 Mail:quit       Mail:quit

             5. FILEHANDLING

             a. What files?

 FILE        Whenever you create a new file using an editor, or copy a file,
 HANDLING    its name (or file descriptor) will be added to the list of files
             in your area. The command 'files' shows you what files you have:

 WHAT            Command:files
 FILES?
                   AI1       HOWTOEMAS  * M#INBOX     * M#PROFILE  * MYGREET
                   SFILE   * SS#DIR       SS#JOURNAL  * SS#PROFILE

             You might want to know what filenames you have matching some
             pattern, eg any filename starting ss followed by any characters
             (indicated by *):

                 Command:files ss*

                 * SS#DIR    SS#JOURNAL * SS#PROFILE

             or what files user ecmi04 has that start with the letter p :

 other user's    Command:files ecmi04.p*
 files
                   PARSE    PRINTEXS

             If a filename is given on its own it is taken to refer to some
             file in your own area. If you are referring to another user's
             files then it is referred to by the usernumber followed by a full
             stop then the name of the file (or * to match any filename).

 match           Command:files ecmi04.*
 any *
                   AI1       * AI1MAIL  * AI2MAIL      FRED     * PARSE
                   PRINTEXS  * SS#DIR     SS#JOURNAL   USEFUL     VISITING

             The command 'list' prints the contents of a file on the terminal:


				10

 list            Command:list mygreet

                 greet([]).

                 greet([X|Y]):-
                       greet(X),
                       greet(Y).

                 greet(X):-
                       write('Hello'),
                       tab(1),
                       write(X),
                       nl.

                 Command:list ecmi04.fred

                 This is a file to
                 demonstrate the use of
                 the editor em
                 containing a few lines of
                 text.
                 The name of this file is fred.

 COPYING &   b. Copying and renaming files.
 RENAMING
             Files can be copied (the original is not altered):

 copy            Command:copy ecmi04.fred,emdemo
                 EMDEMO is a copy of ECMI04.FRED

             A copy of the file fred, belonging to ecmi04, is made and
             put in your own area under the name 'emdemo'. A message
             confirms that the copy has been made.

                 Command:copy mygreet,greet
                 GREET is a copy of MYGREET

             Identical files called greet and mygreet now exist. If you want
             to rename a file, that is call it a different name without saving
             a copy under the old name, use the command rename:

 rename          Command:rename greet,testgreet

             greet no longer exists.

                 Command:files

                   AI1        EMDEMO    HOWTOEMAS  * M#INBOX     * M#PROFILE
                 * MYGREET    SFILE   * SS#DIR       SS#JOURNAL  * SS#PROFILE
                   TESTGREET


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             c. Partitioned files.

 PARTIT-     You are limited by the number of file descriptors (filenames)
 IONED       that you can have in your area. However, you can put a number
 FILES       of your files together under one heading, and they will then
             be using only one file descriptor. A number of files grouped
             together in this way is called a partitioned file.

 creating        Command:newpdfile examples
 newpdfile       New partitioned file  'EXAMPLES' created

             The command newpdfile has created a new partitioned file called
             examples. It doesn't yet have anything in it. Each member of a
             partitioned file is referred to by the the partitioned filename
             followed by _ (an underscore) and then the individual
             filename.

 copy            Command:copy emdemo,examples_emdemo
                 EXAMPLES_EMDEMO is a copy of EMDEMO

             A copy of the file emdemo is made in the partitioned file called
             examples. The partitioned file member 'examples-emdemo' can now
             be treated in the same way as any other file:

 list            Command:list examples_emdemo
                 This is a file to
                 demonstrate the use of
                 the editor em
                 containing a few lines of
                 text.
                 The name of this file is fred.

             To get a list of members of a partitioned file the command
             analyse is used. (This command can be used with any filename
             to find out whattype it is eg character, data).

 analyse         Command:analyse examples
                 File: EXAMPLES   Type: PARTITIONED   Length: 184 Bytes
                 Last altered: 28/02/84 at 18.04.04
                 Members:
                 EMDEMO

             Other user's partitioned files may also be analysed:

                 Command:analyse ecmi04.ai1
                 File: ECMI04.AI1   Type: PARTITIONED   Length: 10480 Bytes
                 Last altered: 16/02/84 at 17.19.28
                 Members:
                 ATN     DRINKS   PROJECT   RANDOM    SENTENCE  VISITING

             The member 'drinks' here would be referred to as ecmi04.ai1_drinks.


				12


             d. Cherishing files:

 CHERISHING  Files not looked at for a number of weeks will be automatically
 FILES       destroyed by the system. If you have files that you are not
             using at present, but do wish to use at a later date, then you
             need to mark them in some way so that you will later be able to
             retrieve them. This is called 'cherishing' files. Cherished
             files are removed from yous area, but are archived instead of
             being destroyed. This means that a copy is kept that you can
             restore:

 cherish         Command:cherish howtoemas

                 Command:files

                   AI1          EMDEMO     EXAMPLES  * HOWTOEMAS  * M#INBOX
                 * M#PROFILE  * MYGREET    SFILE     * SS#DIR       SS#JOURNAL
                 * SS#PROFILE   TESTGREET

             The command cherish marks the file howtoemas. A * by the filename
             indicates that a file is cherished.

                 Command:list sfile
                 this is a small file
                 of text

 archive         Command:archive sfile

             The file sfile is archived: this does not happen immediately.
             To see which files have been archived use the following:

                 Command:files ,a
                 Archived files :  0

             No files have been archived yet in this case. Archived files
 restore     are restored with the command restore.

             e. To remove files:

 REMOVING    The command destroy removes files from your area. You cannot
 FILES       get them back once they are destroyed, so make sure that you
             really mean it!

 destroy         Command:destroy mygreet

             f. Printing files:

 PRINTING    To get hard copy of a file you can either sit at a teletype
 FILES       instead of a vdu and list it, or you can get it printed on one
             of a number of printers around the university. Type the list
             command followed by the filename (as you would to list it on the
 list        vdu screen) and then a comma , a full stop . and lp <cr>.


				13


             lp alone will cause the file to be printed on the printer at Kings
             Buildings. It will then be delivered for you to collect from
             Forrest Hill. If you would rather collect it from somewhere else
             (say George Square) then specify this using the command deliver.
             Use help deliver to find out the choices. Printout will continue
             to be delivered here (George Sq) until you change it again.

 deliver         Command:deliver ercc(george square)

 .lp             Command:list testgreet,.lp

             You can also get you file printed on a local lineprinter by
             specifying its number in the lp command:

                 Command:list fred,.lp40

             will print the file fred on the lineprinter at 59 George Square.
             (see information card for choices).

             6. HELP.

 HELP        The help system provides information on most of the commands on
             the system. Typing help on its own will give you information
             about the help system. Help and a command name will give you
             information on that particular command (if it exists):

                 Command:help copy
                           References found
                 ----------------------------------------------------------
                 To examine a reference type its number and press 'return'.
                 To return to this page, type R and press 'return' in response
                 to the View: prompt (you may have to do this more than once).
                 Q returns to command level.

                 References to COPY

                 1   COPY .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .  EMAS Commands
                 2   COPY .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .  FILESTORE
                 3   Copy,Matrix  .   .   .   .   .   .  NAGF
                 4   Copy,Vector  .   .   .   .   .   .  NAGF


                 ...more
 Help:quit       Help: quit

                 Command:

             To get back to command level type quit.


				14


             7. REFERENCES.

 REFERENCES  For more information on EMAS see:

                 EMAS 2900:User's Guide

             available from ERCC (KB or GSq) price c. #2.50

             A summary of information is on the EMAS 2900 information card,
             free from ERCC.

             For information on the editor EM see:

                 ecmi04.emnotes     -     available on-line or from me

                 Using the Editor 'EM' on Emas

             available from ERCC, or from M.Pithie, DAI.

             For information on Emas PROLOG see:

                 User's Guide to Emas PROLOG,
                 D.A.I. Occasional Paper no 26

             available from M.Pithie, DAI, or on-line (Command:um).


             [If you spot errors in this document, or wish to make comments,
             or have suggestions for additions or changes, please mail them
             to me, ecmi04, H.Pain@2972].